Koodiyattam: Kerala’s 2,000-Year-Old Sanskrit Theatre Tradition

Kootiyattam

Koodiyattam, also spelled Kutiyattam, is one of the oldest classical dance-drama forms in India, originating over 2,000 years ago in Kerala. It holds the distinction of being the oldest existing classical theatre form in the world, predating many other theatrical traditions, including Kathakali. Recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, Koodiyattam represents a rich cultural heritage deeply rooted in the temples of Kerala.

Historical Origins and Cultural Significance

The origins of Koodiyattam are closely tied to the temples of Kerala, where it has been performed since the 9th century. By the 15th century, it had evolved into a full-fledged dramatic presentation. The temple theatre, known as Koothambalam, served as the sacred space where these performances were traditionally held. The Koothambalam itself is a significant architectural structure, designed specifically to enhance the acoustics and atmosphere of the performances.

An important figure in the history of Koodiyattam is King Kulasekhara Varma Cheraman Perumal, who is credited with shaping Koodiyattam into its present form. His seminal work, “Aattaprakaram,” remains the most authoritative text on Koodiyattam, detailing the nuances of performance, choreography, and the use of symbolic gestures and costumes.

Koodiyattam’s recognition by UNESCO underscores its cultural significance, not only as an art form but also as a living tradition that has preserved the theatrical techniques of ancient India. The preservation and promotion of Koodiyattam continue to be vital for maintaining the cultural identity of Kerala and ensuring that this unique art form is passed down to future generations.

The Performance: A Detailed Exploration

Koodiyattam is a Sanskrit theatre form, characterised by its highly stylized acting, elaborate makeup, and symbolic use of costumes. The term “Koodiyattam” itself means “acting together” or “combined acting,” reflecting its nature as a collaborative performance involving both male and female actors.

Traditionally, male roles are performed by Chakkiyars, a caste among Hindus, while female roles are performed by Nangyars, women from the Nambiar caste. The performances are in Sanskrit, but the character of Vidushaka plays a crucial role in making the story accessible to the audience. The Vidushaka, who is a comic character, explains the narrative in simple Malayalam, adding humour and ensuring that the audience remains engaged.

Earlier, Koodiyattam performances were lengthy affairs, sometimes lasting anywhere from 6 to 40 days. Today, while performances have been shortened, they still maintain the essence of the traditional format, which is divided into three main parts:

1. Purappadu: The opening segment where an actor performs a verse along with the Nritta (pure dance) aspect of the performance. This serves as an introduction to the main character and sets the tone for the performance.

2. Nirvahanam: In this segment, the actor uses Abhinaya (expressive acting) to convey the emotions and mood of the main character. This solo act is a display of the actor’s skill in mime, facial expressions, and body language, creating a vivid portrayal of the character’s internal world.

3. Koodiyattam: The final part is the enactment of the play itself, where multiple characters come together on stage. This is the most dynamic part of the performance, with intricate interactions between characters, elaborate dialogues, and dramatic storytelling.

Koodiyattam is renowned for its use of Mudras (hand gestures), which are part of a highly evolved mime language. The performances are marked by bold and lively facial and eye expressions, elaborate headgears, and the symbolic use of colors through makeup. The contained movements and intense emotions displayed by the performers create a powerful and immersive experience for the audience.

Makeup and Costumes: The Symbolism of Color and Design

The costumes and makeup in Koodiyattam are as elaborate as the performances themselves. The costumes are typically a striking combination of black, white, and red, which are colors that carry deep symbolic meanings in Indian culture. The makeup, especially the face and eye makeup, is dramatic and designed to enhance the expressiveness of the characters.

Heroic characters are distinguished by their green face paint, which symbolizes qualities like bravery and heroism. A small curved paper frame, known as Chutti, is placed around the face, further accentuating the features. In contrast, the Vidushaka has a different makeup and costume that highlight his clownish and humorous nature. His small headgear and exaggerated facial features help set him apart from the more serious characters.

Each aspect of the costume and makeup in Koodiyattam is carefully chosen to convey specific characteristics and emotions, making the visual experience as compelling as the narrative.

Music: The Rhythmic Soul of Koodiyattam

Music plays an integral role in Koodiyattam, providing the rhythmic foundation that drives the performance. The main musical instruments used are:

• Mizhavu: A large copper drum that is considered the most prominent instrument in Koodiyattam. It is played with hands, and its deep, resonant sound sets the tempo for the performance.

• Idakka: A small drum that complements the Mizhavu.

• Kurumkuzhal: A wind instrument similar to a flute, adding melodic elements to the music.

• Kuzhitalam: Cymbals that are used to accentuate the beats.

• Sankhu: A conch shell that is blown at specific moments to create a powerful sound, often signalling the beginning or end of a particular scene.

The music in Koodiyattam is not just an accompaniment; it is a vital part of the performance that enhances the emotional impact and helps to convey the story’s mood and atmosphere.

Contemporary Relevance and Preservation Efforts

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in Koodiyattam, both in India and internationally. Cultural institutions and scholars have been working to preserve this ancient art form, ensuring that it remains a living tradition. Workshops, performances, and academic research have all contributed to the revival and continued relevance of Koodiyattam in modern times.

However, the challenge remains in balancing preservation with innovation. While it is important to maintain the traditional aspects of Koodiyattam, there is also a need to adapt and evolve the art form to appeal to contemporary audiences. This includes shortening the duration of performances, incorporating modern storytelling techniques, and using digital media to reach a wider audience.

Conclusion

Koodiyattam is more than just a classical dance-drama; it is a living testament to the rich cultural heritage of Kerala and the enduring legacy of ancient Indian theatre. Its recognition by UNESCO highlights its global significance, but its true value lies in its continued practice and preservation within the temples and cultural spaces of Kerala. As Koodiyattam continues to evolve and adapt, it remains a vital link to the past, offering audiences a glimpse into the ancient traditions that have shaped India’s cultural landscape.